A Development of a Low-Cost 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Monitoring Device Using Android-based Smartphone
The ECG3Gs+ is an alternative to the 12-Lead conventional electrocardiogram(ECG)device interfaced with Android smartphone via Bluetooth module. Several 12-Lead ECGs are commercially available, butare very costly. ECG3Gs+, on the other hand, is developed to havefunctions similar to the conventional ECG. The device is accurate, and power efficient that provides a pre-diagnostic readings and interpretation. This project targets financially-challenged people from remote areas who have heart ailments and who wanted their ECGs checked. It is capable of reading the R-R Interval, QRS Interval, Heart Rate, and Heart Rhythm. Through Bluetooth Module, ECG3Gs+ is connected to Android smartphone. An Android-basedapplication was developed to display the ECG waveform and readings. The parallel testing of ECG3Gs+ and the conventional ECG machine yielded 92.43% accuracy for R-R Interval, 89.24% for QRS Interval, 91.62% for Heart Rate, and 100% for Heart Rhythm. The prototype is power efficient with 815.85 mW power rating.
According to the Department of Health and the Philippine Heart Association, cardiovascular disease is the leading mortality cause in the country [1, 2]. Thereare 170,000 Filipinos who die each year due to cardiovascular diseases, making it the country’s top killer. Many people die from cardiovascular diseases because they are not informed of their heart conditions. Others might know it but financial constraints hinder them from seeking medication. Heart problems can be significantly less fatal if the condition is detected earlier. While there are instruments that can be used to pre-determine the heart condition of a patient, most people cannot afford to buy one. Some people may have these instruments but they are not knowledgeable in interpreting the results. Because of these, scientists and researchers developed a device that is highly reliable for patients, as well as doctors, in monitoring heart conditions, such asportable electrocardiogram (ECG) device interfaced in Android platform [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Previous designs [4, 5, 6, 7] made use of 12-lead ECG interfaced in Android platform to determine the heart condition of patients. These are helpful to doctors and medical practitioners in monitoring the condition of the heart of their patients. These devices are capable of storing files on the device itself for personal records and transmitting files to their physicians/ doctors through different means such as Bluetooth and email and cloud storage via wireless connections (3G, LTE, or Wi-Fi) for diagnosis. However, these devices are costly which hinder most people from having one [4, 5]. In this paper, the authors proposean alternativesolutionof a low-cost 12-lead ECG device that runs on Android platform the same as the existing ECGs Code Shoppy
The analog to digital conversion process is donethruArduino Uno. The amplified and filter ECG signal is inputted to analog input (A0) of the microcontrollertoconvert the analog signal to a digital one with a sampling rate of 8000 samples per second. The converted signal is then fed to the the Bluetooth Module as a mean to connect to the Android Application (apk) implemented using B4A (Basic4Android). The apk will first collect the signal sent then will plot it on the smartphone’s screen along with the readings and interpretations. The user may change the range of the waveform (both horizontal and vertical) in the dropdown button located at the upper right corner of the screen.A.Determining QRS and R-RIntervalUsing Waveform Peak Detection (WPD), the apk can determine the points Q(lowest point before R), R(highest peak in the ECG signal) and S (lowest point after R) in the ECG waveform. The apk will determine the time interval between Qand S, recordit as QRS interval and display it along with other readings.Using also WPD, the apk detects Rthen starts a counter and will stop until it reached the next R. This time interval between two consecutive peaks is recorded as R-R interval. B.Determining Heart RateHeart rate (measuredin beats per minute or bpm) is determined by the apk using the R-R interval reading.Heart rate and R-R interval are inversely proportional.Heart Rate = 60 / R-R Interval (in sec)(1)C.Detection of ArrythmiaThere are three types of arrhythmia that the device may detect: (1) Normal Sinus Rhythm (60-100 bpm), (2) Sinus Bradycardia (less than 60 bpm) and (3) Sinus Tachycardia (more than 100 bpm). The apk detect the arrhythmia using the heart rate determined earlier in the process
The ECG3Gs+ is an alternative to the 12-Lead conventional electrocardiogram(ECG)device interfaced with Android smartphone via Bluetooth module. Several 12-Lead ECGs are commercially available, butare very costly. ECG3Gs+, on the other hand, is developed to havefunctions similar to the conventional ECG. The device is accurate, and power efficient that provides a pre-diagnostic readings and interpretation. This project targets financially-challenged people from remote areas who have heart ailments and who wanted their ECGs checked. It is capable of reading the R-R Interval, QRS Interval, Heart Rate, and Heart Rhythm. Through Bluetooth Module, ECG3Gs+ is connected to Android smartphone. An Android-basedapplication was developed to display the ECG waveform and readings. The parallel testing of ECG3Gs+ and the conventional ECG machine yielded 92.43% accuracy for R-R Interval, 89.24% for QRS Interval, 91.62% for Heart Rate, and 100% for Heart Rhythm. The prototype is power efficient with 815.85 mW power rating.
According to the Department of Health and the Philippine Heart Association, cardiovascular disease is the leading mortality cause in the country [1, 2]. Thereare 170,000 Filipinos who die each year due to cardiovascular diseases, making it the country’s top killer. Many people die from cardiovascular diseases because they are not informed of their heart conditions. Others might know it but financial constraints hinder them from seeking medication. Heart problems can be significantly less fatal if the condition is detected earlier. While there are instruments that can be used to pre-determine the heart condition of a patient, most people cannot afford to buy one. Some people may have these instruments but they are not knowledgeable in interpreting the results. Because of these, scientists and researchers developed a device that is highly reliable for patients, as well as doctors, in monitoring heart conditions, such asportable electrocardiogram (ECG) device interfaced in Android platform [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Previous designs [4, 5, 6, 7] made use of 12-lead ECG interfaced in Android platform to determine the heart condition of patients. These are helpful to doctors and medical practitioners in monitoring the condition of the heart of their patients. These devices are capable of storing files on the device itself for personal records and transmitting files to their physicians/ doctors through different means such as Bluetooth and email and cloud storage via wireless connections (3G, LTE, or Wi-Fi) for diagnosis. However, these devices are costly which hinder most people from having one [4, 5]. In this paper, the authors proposean alternativesolutionof a low-cost 12-lead ECG device that runs on Android platform the same as the existing ECGs Code Shoppy
The analog to digital conversion process is donethruArduino Uno. The amplified and filter ECG signal is inputted to analog input (A0) of the microcontrollertoconvert the analog signal to a digital one with a sampling rate of 8000 samples per second. The converted signal is then fed to the the Bluetooth Module as a mean to connect to the Android Application (apk) implemented using B4A (Basic4Android). The apk will first collect the signal sent then will plot it on the smartphone’s screen along with the readings and interpretations. The user may change the range of the waveform (both horizontal and vertical) in the dropdown button located at the upper right corner of the screen.A.Determining QRS and R-RIntervalUsing Waveform Peak Detection (WPD), the apk can determine the points Q(lowest point before R), R(highest peak in the ECG signal) and S (lowest point after R) in the ECG waveform. The apk will determine the time interval between Qand S, recordit as QRS interval and display it along with other readings.Using also WPD, the apk detects Rthen starts a counter and will stop until it reached the next R. This time interval between two consecutive peaks is recorded as R-R interval. B.Determining Heart RateHeart rate (measuredin beats per minute or bpm) is determined by the apk using the R-R interval reading.Heart rate and R-R interval are inversely proportional.Heart Rate = 60 / R-R Interval (in sec)(1)C.Detection of ArrythmiaThere are three types of arrhythmia that the device may detect: (1) Normal Sinus Rhythm (60-100 bpm), (2) Sinus Bradycardia (less than 60 bpm) and (3) Sinus Tachycardia (more than 100 bpm). The apk detect the arrhythmia using the heart rate determined earlier in the process
The following conclusions were made based on the data gathered and evaluation by the proponents:The authors were able to develop a 12-Lead ECG interfaced with Android smartphone via Android applicationthat detects 12 waveforms and providesinterpretations and readings fromthe 12-Lead ECG output;Device performance with an average R-R Interval accuracy of 92.43%, QRS Interval accuracy of 89.24%, and Heart Rate of 91.62%;The prototype has its best accuracy performancein Heart Rhythmmeasurement;Electrical performance of the device is rated at 815.85 mW; andlastly, Theprototype is portable and lightweight with a dimension of 135mm by 75mm by 50mm and approximatelyweighing350 gramsC.RecommendationThe following must be taken into consideration by future researchers to ensure better device performance:Improve the Bluetooth connection of the device using RF shieldingto minimize signal interferencethat affect acquisition of low-power signals;Enhance the switching of the device from one lead to another asit affects the data transmission from the data acquisition device to the Android phone.The authorswish to express their sincere appreciation to those who contributed to the success of this project: MicroTech, team that worked hand-in-hand with the group in developing the Android application. Heartfelt gratitude also tothePhilippine Heart Center and QUALICARE Diagnostics Lab. & Clinics for allowing the proponents to conduct their testing using theirconventional ECG device, and to Dr. Eduardo Tin Hay, Dr. Leandro Bongosia, and Dr. Jason See, the cardiologists who validated and evaluated the output of this project.
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